「和」を知る・「和」を楽しむ・「和」を伝える日本のスペシャリストになろう!

武部隆=時事通信ブランドスタジオ社長

名古屋城本丸の搦手馬出(からめてうまだし)の石垣。

石の加工法は打込接で統一されているが、積み方は左側が布積み、右側は乱積みになっている。

日本の伝統的建築物の中でも城郭の人気は高く、「お城マニア」と言われるファンも多く存在します。お城のシンボルは高くそびえる「天守」ですが、江戸時代以前に建てられた「本物」の天守は、全国に12カ所しか現存していません。一方、城郭の土台部分である石垣は、建物部分が失われた城跡や町の中に残っている遺構でも見ることができます。今回は、城郭建築の中でも意外に身近な石垣についてお話しします。

自然石を積んで構造物の土台を崩れないようにしたり、敵の侵入を阻む防壁にしたりする石垣は、古代から存在しました。飛鳥時代から奈良時代にかけ、大陸や朝鮮半島からの侵攻に備えて築造されたといわれる「古代山城」の遺構にも、石垣が残っています。

中世以降の城郭では、土塁を強化するために石垣を併用することが増え、戦国時代になると城の周囲を石垣で固めた総石垣造りの城が現れます。その代表が、織田信長が近江(現在の滋賀県)に築造した安土城です。建物は焼失してしまいましたが、国の特別史跡に指定された安土城跡には、堅固な石垣が今も残っています。

安土城以降、城郭は石垣を用いるのが一般的となり、石垣の積み方や構造に関わる技術も進みました。現存する城郭の史跡や全国に点在する城跡の石垣は、石の加工法や積み方によって、いくつかのカテゴリーに分類することができます。

まず、石垣に使う石の加工の程度によって、自然石をそのまま積み上げる「野面(のづら)積み」、角部分を加工して石の間の隙間を減らす「打込接(うちこみはぎ)」、石を決まった形に成型して隙間をなくした「切込接(きりこみはぎ)」の3種類に分けることができます。

野面積みは、石を加工しない分、簡易な工法に思えますが、形も大きさも異なる石を積み上げて強度を確保するには、むしろ高度な技術が必要です。打込接は石の加工の手間はかかるものの、野面積みよりも高く、急角度でせり上がる石垣を組むことが可能になります。切込接は、石同士がぴったり接し、見た目も美しく、強度も高い工法なのですが、加工や積み上げに機械が使えない時代にはコストパフォーマンスが悪いという問題がありました。江戸城や大坂城など江戸時代に幕府が威信を示すために築造したお城は別ですが、近世城郭でも切込接を用いているのは少数です。

石の加工法とは別に、石の積み方では「乱積み」と「布積み」に大別できます。乱積みは、大きさが不ぞろいの石を、パズルのように組み合わせて強度を確保する工法です。布積みは、石の高さをある程度そろえるので、石の継ぎ目が水平の目地になって現れます。石の高さをそろえる加工をしなければならないものの、積み上げる技術は野面積みほど高度である必要はありません。

石垣には多様な形状があるように見えますが、実は3種類の石の加工法と2種類の積み方を掛け合わせた6種類に分けられます。史跡として保存されている城跡だけでなく、街中の公園や寺院なども城跡を利用したものが多くあります。古い石垣を見つけたら、形状が6種類のどれに当たるかを考えてみるのも面白いかもしれません。


【English version】

The technology behind the ‘stone walls’ of castles

Takashi Takebe = President, Jiji Press Brand Studio

The stonewalls of the lengthened horse runway of Nagoya Castle’s main citadel. The stonework is uniformly done by hammering, but the piles are fabricated on the left side and randomly piled on the right side.

Among traditional Japanese architectural structures, castles are very popular, and there are many fans who are “castle maniacs. The symbol of a castle is the soaring “castle keep,” but there are only 12 “real” castles built before the Edo period still standing in Japan. On the other hand, stonewalls, which are the foundation of castles, can be seen at ruins of castles where the buildings have been lost, as well as in the remains that remain in towns. In this issue, I would like to talk about stonewalls, which are surprisingly familiar among castle buildings.

Stone walls have existed since ancient times, piled with natural stones to keep the foundations of structures from collapsing and to provide a barrier against enemy invasion. Stone walls can be found in the remains of “ancient mountain castles,” which are said to have been built between the Asuka and Nara periods in preparation for invasions from the continent and the Korean Peninsula.

In the Sengoku Period, castles were built with stone walls around the perimeter of the castle. A representative example is Azuchi Castle, built by Oda Nobunaga in Omi (present-day Shiga Prefecture). Although the buildings were destroyed by fire, the solid stone walls still remain at the site of Azuchi Castle, which is designated as a special national historic site.

After Azuchi Castle, it became common for castles to use stone walls, and the technology related to how they were built and constructed has also advanced. The stone walls of existing castle historic sites and castle ruins scattered across the country can be classified into several categories according to the stone processing and stacking methods.

First, depending on the degree of processing of the stones used for stone walls, they can be divided into three types: “field masonry,” in which natural stones are piled as they are; “uchikomi-hagi,” in which corners are processed to reduce gaps between stones; and “kirikomi-hagi,” in which stones are formed into a certain shape to eliminate gaps.

Although field piling may seem like a simple method because the stones are not processed, it requires rather advanced techniques to pile stones of different shapes and sizes to ensure strength. Although the hammering method requires more time and effort to process the stones, it is possible to build a stone wall that is higher and rises at a steeper angle than field masonry. Although this method is beautiful to look at and strong, it was not cost-effective in the days when machines could not be used for processing and stacking. Except for Edo Castle, Osaka Castle, and other castles built by the shogunate during the Edo period to show its prestige, only a few castles in the early modern period use the Kirikomi-jo method.

Apart from the stone processing method, there are two main types of stone piling methods: “random piling” and “fabric piling. Random piling is a method of stacking irregularly sized stones in a puzzle-like manner to ensure strength. In the fabric masonry, the stones are stacked to a certain height, so that the joints between the stones appear as horizontal joints. Although the stones must be processed to be of the same height, the stacking technique does not need to be as advanced as field piling.

Although stone walls appear to have a wide variety of shapes, they can actually be divided into six types, which are a combination of three types of stone processing methods and two types of stacking methods. In addition to castle ruins preserved as historical sites, many parks and temples in the city are also made from castle ruins. If you find an old stone wall, it might be interesting to consider which of the six types the shape corresponds to.