「和」を知る・「和」を楽しむ・「和」を伝える日本のスペシャリストになろう!
週刊メールマガジン「伝検通信」第35号をお届けします。
今週のトップ記事は、久々の「宙ちゃんの伝統文化一直線」。伝統文化が歴史や洋の東西を超えてつながっているという話題です。
「クイズで肩慣らし」は、前回クイズの答え・解説と、芸能・落語の問題です。今号より1月末までの第1回検定期間中は同試験の出題対象から外し、伝統文化に関するさまざまな問題をお届けします。
明日から実施する2級および3級の第1回伝検の受験は下記サイトからお申込みください。公式テキスト、2級受験者向けオンライン講座の販売もしています。
伝検申込サイト https://denken-test.jp/
目次
・ 宙ちゃんの「伝統文化一直線」 第14回 世界で初めて描かれた霧と雨
・ 「クイズで肩慣らし」第34回=「落語」
・ 伝検協会だより
宙ちゃんの「伝統文化一直線」 第14回 世界で初めて描かれた霧と雨
近藤宙時=日本伝統文化検定協会理事
歌川広重「東海道五拾三次之内・大磯 虎ヶ雨」
伝統文化と聞くと、「古臭いもの」「昔のこと」と思う方も多いかも知れません。しかし、「古い」と簡単に切り捨てることが難しいのが伝統文化です。なぜなら、知らず知らずのうちに、その文化の中で育った人の考え方から物の見方にまで影響を及ぼすものだからです。極端なケースになると、何と遺伝子にまで影響を及ぼしてしまうほどです。
例えば、生海苔(のり)を消化できるのは日本人だけといわれています(焼き海苔は日本人以外も消化できるそうなのでお間違えなく)。大昔から生海苔を食べてきた伝統的な食文化が、知らず知らずのうちに遺伝子レベルにまで影響を及ぼしてしまう。この「知らず知らずのうちに」というのが伝統文化のすごいところです。
伝統文化を知っていれば、異なる文化で育った人の、自分とは違う物の見方を「そういう見方もあるのか」と受け入れることができます。ところが、伝統文化を知らないと、かえって自分の物の見方が人類不変の法則のように思えて、異なる文化を受け入れ難くなってしまいがちです。だからこそ、伝統文化はきちんと知っておく必要があるのです。
話は変わりますが、ジョゼフ・マロード・ウィリアム・ターナーという画家をご存じでしょうか。わずか26歳で英国ロイヤルアカデミーの正会員となった、ロマン主義を代表する風景画家です。初めて霧を描いたことでも知られ、「ターナーが現れるまで、ロンドンに霧はなかった」とさえいわれています。この言葉は象徴的で、伝統文化の一つである絵画が人々の物の見方を変えてしまう力を持っていることを示しています。ターナーが描くまで、ロンドン市民にとって霧は霧でしかありませんでした。
翻って日本においては、ターナーの200年以上も前に、長谷川等伯が「松林図屏風(びょうぶ)」で霧を描き切っています。さすがは四季の国、天気に敏感な農耕の民に受け継がれてきた遺伝子の成せる業としか言いようがない作品です。この絵は、どこか恐ろしささえ漂わせる霧の寂寥(せきりょう)たる雰囲気と同時に、その美しさをも人々に感じさせました。
長谷川等伯が霧を描いてから約170年後、ターナーが生まれる前に、多色刷り木版画である錦絵の元祖と呼ばれ、浮世絵と聞くと誰もが思い浮かべる鈴木春信が、「風俗四季歌仙 五月雨」や「雨夜の宮詣(見立蟻通図)」で、雨を線で表現しました。
人物を浮き立たせるための、いわばアクセントとして雨を使った春信に続き、歌川広重は「東海道五拾三次之内」の8番目の宿場「大磯」(図版としては9番目)で、そぼ降る雨を線で写実的に描写。45番目の「庄野」(副題「白雨」)では、雨を完全な主役として描き切りました。その後も、ゴッホが模写したことで世界的に有名な「名所江戸百景」の「大はしあたけの夕立」など、さまざまな表情を持つ雨を題材に取り、雨といえば多くの人が広重の絵を思い浮かべるようになりました。それがマンガやアニメの表現にまでつながっていることは皆さんご存じの通りです。
ちなみに「大磯」の副題は「虎ケ雨」。俳句の夏の季語である「虎が雨」は旧暦5月の終わり頃に降る雨のことで、曾我兄弟の仇(あだ)討ちで知られる曾我十郎が5月28日の決行後に命を落とした際、彼と恋仲であり、大磯の遊女だったともいわれる虎御前が涙したことに由来しています。つまり、広重の雨の絵は、現代のマンガ・アニメだけでなく、「曾我物」と呼ばれる能や浄瑠璃、歌舞伎といった芸能とも、ここでつながっているのです。
蛇足になりますが、広重の辞世の歌を紹介したいと思います。
「東路(あずまぢ)へ 筆を残して 旅の空 西の御国(みくに)の 名所(などころ)を見む」
まさに不世出の風景画家の面目躍如。解説はよしましょう。
「クイズで肩慣らし」第34回=「落語」
~第1回検定期間中のクイズは同試験の出題対象から外します。またテキストの分野以外からも取り上げます~
月岡芳年「新形三十六怪撰(しんけいさんじゅうろっかいせん)」
第34回
問題:「四谷怪談」「皿屋敷」と並んで、日本三大怪談話といわれる落語の演目は何でしょうか。3つとも歌舞伎の演目にもなっています。(答えと解説は次号で)
1936年11月に建設された国会議事堂(東京都千代田区)
【前回の問題と答え・解説】
問題:日本の国会が開かれる「国会議事堂」。 建物の象徴となっている中央塔の屋根の部分に当たるピラミッド型の塔屋に、タイルとして使用されている陶磁器は何でしょうか。
答え:信楽焼
解説:昭和63年(1988)、半世紀ぶりの大改修の際、国会議事堂のピラミッド型の塔屋に滋賀県の信楽焼のタイルが使用されました。建設当時の色合いを再現したそうです。なお、国会議事堂は「日本の石材博物館」と呼ばれることもあります。今では生産・発掘されていない貴重な石材も含め、40種類近くの国産石材を見ることができるためです。
伝検協会だより
いよいよ、あす11月29日(金)
編集後記
伝検通信35号をお届けしました(
【English version】
Weekly e-mail magazine “DENKEN TSUSHIN” No. 35
We are pleased to present the 35th issue of our weekly e-mail magazine “Denken Tsushin.
This week’s top article is “chu-chan’s Mastering Traditional Culture” which has been a long time coming. The topic is the connection of traditional culture that transcends history and the East and West.
In the “Quiz to Get You Acquainted” section, you will find answers and explanations to the previous quiz, as well as questions on performing arts and rakugo (comic storytelling). From this issue, during the first examination period until the end of January, we will remove the subject matter from the same examination and provide you with a variety of questions on traditional culture.
Denken application website: https://denken-test.jp/examination/
To take the 1st DENKEN exam for Level 2 and Level 3, which will be administered starting tomorrow, please register at the website below. Official textbooks and online courses for Level 2 examinees are also available for purchase.
Table of Contents
・chu-chan’s Mastering Traditional Culture No.14 Fog and Rain Painted for the First Time in the World
・Let’s Practice with Quizzes No. 34 = Rakugo
・From the Deken Kyokai
chu-chan’s Mastering Traditional Culture No.14 Fog and Rain Painted for the First Time in the World
Kondo Chuujii= Director, Japan Traditional Culture Certification Association
Hiroshige Utagawa, “Tokaido Gojyuusan-tsugi no uchi, Oiso, Toragaame” (The Five Pilgrimage of the Tokaido Highway, Oiso, Japan)
Many people may think that traditional culture is “old-fashioned” or “something from the past. However, it is difficult to simply dismiss traditional culture as “old. This is because, unknowingly, it influences everything from the way people who grew up in the culture think to the way they see things. In extreme cases, it can even affect one’s genes.
For example, it is said that only Japanese people can digest raw nori (laver) (make no mistake, non-Japanese people can also digest grilled laver). The traditional food culture that has been eating raw nori since ancient times unknowingly influences the genetic level. This “unknowingly” is the amazing thing about traditional culture.
If you know the traditional culture, you can accept the different views of people who grew up in different cultures. However, if one does not know traditional culture, one’s own way of looking at things tends to seem like an immutable law of humankind, making it difficult to accept different cultures. This is why it is necessary to know about traditional culture.
By way of digression, have you ever heard of the painter Joseph Mallord William Turner? He was a leading landscape painter of the Romantic period who became a full member of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts at the age of only 26. He is also known for having painted fog for the first time, and it is even said that “there was no fog in London until Turner appeared. This saying is symbolic and shows that painting, a traditional culture, has the power to change the way people see things. Until Turner painted it, fog was just fog to Londoners.
In Japan, more than 200 years before Turner, Hasegawa Tohaku depicted fog in his “Pine Trees. This work can only be said to be the result of the genes inherited from the agricultural people, who are sensitive to the weather in this land of the four seasons. This painting evokes an atmosphere of desolate fog that is even somewhat frightening, but at the same time it also makes people feel the beauty of the fog.
About 170 years after Hasegawa Tohaku painted fog and before Turner was born, Suzuki Harunobu, known as the originator of nishiki-e, a multicolor woodblock print and the artist everyone thinks of when they hear the word ukiyoe, expressed rain in lines in “Fuzoku Shiki Utaisen: Summer Rain” and “Ameya no Miyamotodate (Ameya no Miyamotodate)”.
Following Harunobu, who used rain as an accent, Utagawa Hiroshige depicted rain falling in a realistic manner with lines in “Oiso,” the eighth inn (ninth in the series) of “The Five Pilgrimage of Tokaido,” and in “Shono,” the 45th inn (subtitled “White Rain”), he depicted rain as a complete main character. Later, he continued to use rain with various expressions as his subject matter, including the world-famous “O-hashi-atake no Yudare” from “Meisho Edo hyakkei” (One hundred Famous Views of Edo), which Van Gogh copied, and many people came to think of Hiroshige’s paintings when rain was mentioned. As we all know, this has even led to manga and anime representations.
Incidentally, the subtitle of “Oiso” is “Toraga-rain. A summer term in haiku, “Toraga-rain” refers to the rain that falls around the end of May on the lunar calendar, and derives from the fact that when Soga Juro, known for his revenge against the Soga brothers, lost his life after his decision on May 28, Toragozen, who was in love with him and is said to have been a prostitute in Oiso, wept. In other words, Hiroshige’s rain paintings are connected here not only to modern manga and anime, but also to the performing arts of Noh, Joruri and Kabuki, known as “Soga-mono.
As an addition, I would like to introduce Hiroshige’s poem of resignation.
“To the east, I will leave my brush and look at the famous sights of the western lands.”
It truly shows the depth of insight of an inimitable landscape painter. Let’s not comment on it.
Let’s Practice with Quizzes No. 34 = Rakugo
~Quizzes from the first certification period will not be included in the examination. The quizzes will also be taken from areas other than those covered in the textbooks.
Shinkkei Sanjurokai-sen” by Honen Tsukioka
Question: Along with “Yotsuya Ghost Story” and “Sarayashiki”, what is the rakugo story that is said to be one of the three greatest ghost stories in Japan? (See the next issue for the answer and explanation.)
The National Diet Building, built in November 1936, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo
Previous Question and Answer / Explanation
Question: The National Diet Building is where the Japanese Diet is held. What kind of ceramic is used as tiles for the pyramid-shaped roof of the central tower, which is the symbol of the building?
Answer: Shigaraki ware
Explanation: In 1988, during the first major renovation in half a century, Shigaraki ceramic tiles from Shiga Prefecture were used for the pyramid-shaped tower of the National Diet Building. The tiles are said to have reproduced the coloring of the building as it was when it was first constructed. The National Diet Building is sometimes called the “Stone Museum of Japan. This is because visitors can see nearly 40 kinds of domestic stone materials, including precious stones that are no longer produced or excavated.
From the Denken Kyokai
Finally, the first DENKEN test will be held on November 29th (Fri.). To commemorate this event, all successful applicants for the first session will receive a “DENKEN Logo Card Case” made by the traditional craft of Kyoto Dyeing! The limited edition card case can be used to store the certificate of passing (credit card size is planned). The limited edition card case can be used to hold a credit card-sized certificate of passing the certification test. We wish you all the best of luck in passing the exam.
editorial post
DENKEN Tsushin No. 35 is now available (counting the extra issue published on November 22 as No. 34). I am deeply moved. The computer-based examination will be held until the end of January, and you can take it at any date and time you like. For more information, please visit the DENKEN website.